【按语:《快乐的科学(1882)》中最重要的主题是卷3开篇提出的“上帝死了(God is dead)”:目的论、真理和知识、道德和宗教都坍塌了,价值等待着被重估。然而,“上帝死了”这一事实对于尼采来说却是欢乐之源,因而有《快乐的知识(or科学)》,“这影响也许同人们估计的恰好相反,断不是悲伤和消沉,而是难于言说的新的光明、幸福、轻松、欢愉、勇气、朝霞...不错,我们这些哲学家和‘自由的天才’一听到‘老上帝已死’的消息,就顿觉周身被新的朝晖照亮,我们的心就倾泻着感激、惊诧、预知和期待的洪流。”【324】
“上帝已死(God is dead)”是首次涉及的新主题。“上帝已死,其意义远远不止表明基督教和普遍宗教信仰的幻灭,还表明那不能再以永恒物质和神学原则为基础的物理学和玄学的死亡。”【020】“尼采认为,上帝之死的后果并不是被悲伤击倒,而是促成解放的前提,在人性中有一种新的欢悦苏醒,并取代悲悼。”【021-2】
“上帝死了。依照人的本性,人们也会构筑许多洞穴来展示上帝的阴影的,说不定要绵延数千年呢。而我们,我们必须战胜上帝的阴影(God is dead; but given the way people are, there may still for millennia be caves in which they show his shadow. - And we - we must still defeat his shadow as well)!”【191】
“你相信什么?——我相信:一切事物的价值必将重新得到评估(What do you believe in ? - In this: that the weight of all things must be determined anew)。”【259】“你的良心在说什么?——你要成为你自己。”【260】
“这个时代必须为一个更高级的时代开辟道路和聚集必要的力量,亟需大批做好准备的、勇于任事的人才,要把英雄气概带进更高级时代的知识领域,要为获得观念和实现观念而奋斗。”【270】“你反对任何终极的和平,你渴望战争与和平那永恒的循环(you will the eternal recurrence of war and peace)。”【272】“人自此越升越高,再也不向上帝流泄了。”【272】“需要新的正义、口号和哲学家!道德的地球是圆的!它也有对立体!而对立体也有生存的权利!另一个世界尚待发现,而且不止一个!上船吧,哲学家们!”【275】
然而,尼采对此感到乐观:“然而究竟是何原因使得我们对这阴暗不抱丝毫同情、丝毫不为自己担忧和惧怕、反而期盼这阴暗的来临呢?也许是我们受这一事件的近期影响太深之故吧,这影响也许同人们估计的恰好相反,断不是悲伤和消沉,而是难于言说的新的光明、幸福、轻松、欢愉、勇气、朝霞(these immediate consequences, the consequences for ourselves, are the opposite of what one might expect - not at all sad and gloomy, but much more like a new and barely describable type of light, happiness, relief, amusement, encouragement, dawn)...不错,我们这些哲学家和‘自由的天才’一听到‘老上帝已死’的消息,就顿觉周身被新的朝晖照亮,我们的心就倾泻着感激、惊诧、预知和期待的洪流。终于,我们的视野再度排除遮拦,纵然这视野还不十分明亮;我们的航船再度起航,面对重重危险;我们再度在知识领域冒险。”【324】
这里Nietzsche进行了一个很有意思的政治意识分析,像斯宾诺莎和霍布斯那种“自我保存”的观念无非是陷入窘境的表现,“‘为生存而斗争’的片面理论,这恐怕与大多数自然科学家的出身有关,他们是‘老百姓’,其祖先贫穷卑微,故切身体会到处世维艰。”【337】“‘为生存而斗争’只是一个例外情形,是一个时期内生存意志受到限制所致。而大大小小的斗争全是围绕着为获得优势、发展和扩张而展开,为了获得与权力意志相称的权力,而权力意志正是生存意志啊(The struggle for survival is only an exception, a temporary restriction of the will to life; the great and small struggle revolves everywhere around preponderance, around growth and expansion, around power and in accordance with the will to power, which is simply the will to life)。”【337】
Nietzsche新的思想是新的无限(new infinite):“人在思考、分析时不得不从自己的立场和视角出发,而不能超越自己的立场和视角。”【383】“对我们来说,世界再次变得‘无穷无尽’了,所以,我们也不能排斥这一可能性,即世界本身也包括对它的解释的无穷性(Rather, the world has once again become infinite to us: insofar as we cannot reject the possibility that it includes infinite interpretation)。”【383】
英译(以Kaufmann为例,参考其他英译):
Laughter. --Laughter means: being schadenfroh but with a good conscience.
(点评:with a good conscience不是伴随着良心,而是心无愧疚。)
试译:
笑。——笑意味着幸灾乐祸而无愧疚。
-------------------------
第210节
黄译:
勤奋的标准。——不必超过父亲的勤奋,这信条使人致病。
英译:
Moderation in industriousness. --One should not try to excel one's father's industriousness; that makes on sick.
(点评:标题是“勤奋的Maaß”,Maaß相当于中文说凡事要有个度的“度”,英译moderation显然更贴切。后面的句子黄更是完全译反了。)
英译:
Animals as critics. --I fear that the animals consider man as a being that has lost in a most dangerous way its sound animal common sense; they consider him the insane animal, the laughing animal, the weeping animal, the miserable animal.
(点评:黄犯了很多错误。Ich fürchte (I fear)相当于I'm afraid,是委婉表达,不是真的担心,但黄译出来的是后一种感觉。Consider译作“认为”更确切, 译作“当成”或“看成”都容易被误解。“危害无穷”云云本身是误译,而且黄还搞错了句子结构。黄还擅自改变了最后几个形容词的次序。最后,“评论”不能表达批评、批判的意思。)
英译:
The four errors. --Man has been educated by his errors. First, he always saw himself only incompletely; second, he endowed himself with fictitious attributes; third, he placed himself in a false order of rank in relation to animals and nature; fourth, he invented ever new tables of goods and always accepted them for a time as eternal and unconditional: as a result of this, now one and now another human impulse and state held first place and was ennobled because it was esteemed so highly. If we removed the effects of these four errors, we should also remove humanity. humaneness, and "human dignity."
(点评:黄译几乎没有一句是对的,就不一一指出了。愿意看英文的同学自己对照,懒得看的请直接对照试译。)
试译:
四个谬误。——人是被他的错误铸成的。第一,他永远只看到一部分自己;第二,他赋予自己种种虚构的属性;第三,在动物和自然界中,他把自己置于一个错误的等级上;第四,他认为是善的东西(table of goods)在不断变化,但每次在一段时间内他都认为当时他认为是善的东西是永恒的、无条件的善:于是,这样那样的人类冲动和状态因为人们的推崇而变得高贵,先后占据了至善的宝座。如果我们消灭这四个谬误的效果,我们也就消灭了人性、人道和‘人的尊严’。”
第109节最后两句“When will we complete our de-deification of nature? When may we begin to “naturalize” humanity in terms of a pure, newly discovered, newly redeemed nature?”,黄给译成“我们何时方能去掉大自然的神性呢?我们何时方能具备重新被找到的、重新被解救的纯洁本性而使人变得符合自然呢?”第一句尚可,第二句,LZ只能说是一个奇迹,不知你们信不信。其实LZ不信。