基于语料库的功能英语语法

出版时间：2009-7  出版社：知识产权出版社  作者：吴军  页数：290  

前言

　　一直以来，我国的英语教学盛行“交际法教学”和“功能教学”，英语语法教.学遭到冷落，其主要原因不是语法不重要，而是学习者难以将所学语法规则运用到英语交际中，语法的实用性遭到质疑。编著本书的目的便是力求使语法发挥其应有的作用，即成为交际的手段和工具，帮助英语学习者提高交际能力。本书具有以下特点：　　（1）本书是一本以功能为体系的语法书：每一章都围绕英语的一项主要功能，针对每一项功能列出可以使用的语法结构.然后阐述其特征及规则。语言学习者的目的是进行交际，把语言的功能和结构联系起来体现了本书的实用性，这一点有别于我国传统的语法书。　　（2）本书的编著建立在语料库的基础上，它们是国际上三个大型的语料库：COBUILD（COUins Birming lam University International Language：Datal3ase）语料库，LSWE（Longman Spoken and Written English）语料库以及CI（Camdge In-ternational）语料库。书中例句均取自以上三个语料库，真实、鲜活、可靠，具有杜撰句所缺乏的交际价值：此外书中提供了大量的与语法结构相关的语料库检索结果.如某一结构的语域分布和使用频率、某一结构常用的单词等，对一些语法结构的实际使用情况提供了较为准确、深入、全面的信息。　　（3）本书为教师提供了适合语法教学的交际练习活动。语法练习类型有三种：以熟悉规则为目的的形式型练习、在理解意义基础上熟悉规则的意义型练习以及运用某一结构以交际为目的进行活动的交际型练习。我国语法书提供的多是前两种练习。缺乏具有实用价值和趣味性的交际型练习，本书提供的交际练习活动旨在填补这一空缺。

内容概要

本书是一本以功能为体系的语法书，编著本书的目的是力求使语法发挥其应有的作用，成为交际的手段和工具，帮助英语学习者提高交际能力。本书实用，例句真实，具体体现在：    （1）以功能为体系的语法书，有别于传统的以结构为体系的语法书：    （2）建立在语料库（COBUILD语料库、LSWE语料库、CI语料库）的基础上，所有例句均来自以上语料库，真实、鲜活、可靠，具有杜撰句所缺乏的交际价值，此外书中还提供了相关的语料库检索结果：    （3）本书为教师提供了无确定答案的交际练习活动素材，具有实用价值和趣味性。

书籍目录

1  Reflerring to people and things    1.1  Identifying people and things：nouns      1.1.1  Things that can be counted：countable nouns      1.1.2  Things not usually counted：uncountable nouns        1.1.3  Referring to groups：collectiVe nouns        1.1.4  Referring to materials：material nouns  　　1.1.5  Referring to abstract concepts，states，qualities and events：abstract    1.1.6  Referring to people and things by name：proper nouns        1.1.7  Nouns ending in-s      1.1.8  Sharing the same quality：adjectives as headwords      1.1.9  Specifying more exactly：compound nouns        Commuicative Practice Activities  1.2  Referring to people and things without naming them：pmnouns      1.2.1  Referring t0 people and things：personal pmnouns    1.2.2  Mentioning possession：possessive pronouns      1.2.3  Referring back to the subject：renexiVe pronouns      1.2.4  Referring to a particular person or thing：demonstmtiVe pronouns　　1.2.5  Referring to people and things in a general way：inde6nite pmnouns    1.2.6  Showing that two people do the same thing：recipmcal pmnouns      1.2.7  Joining clauses together：relatiVe pronouns　　1.2.8  Asking questions：interrogative pronouns    　　CommuicatiVe Practice ActiVities    1.3  Identifying what you are talking about：deternliners    1.3.1  Collocations between detenlliners and nouns      1.3.2  Collocations between deteminers    1.3.3  Definite specific reference：the definite article      1.3.4  Indefinite specific reference：the indefinite anicle     1.3.5  Generic reference：the zero anicle  　　1.3.6  Indefinite determiners      Commuicative Practice Activities  2  Giving inflomation about people and things    　2.1  Descrbing things：adjectives    2.1.1  One—word and compound adiectives      2.1.2  Centml and peripheral adjectives    2.1.3  Dynamic and stative adjectives       2.1.4  Grable and non—gradable adjectives        2.1.5  Panicipial adjectives      2.1.6  Descriptors and classifiers      2.1.7  AdjectiVe(phrase)as modifier in noun phmses    2.1.8  Adjective phrases as complement    2.1.9  C0mparison and Comparative Constmctions    Commuicative Practice Activities    2.2  Indicating possession or association：genitive noun      2.2.1  Formation of genitive nouns    2.2.2  Meanings of genitive nouns      2.2.3  Uses of genitive nouns    2.2.4  The independent genitive    2.2.5  The double genitive    Commuicative Practice Activities  　2.3  Modifying using nouns：premodifying nouns    2.3.1  Meaning relations expressed by noun+noun sequences    2.3.2  Noun+noun sequences acmss registers      2.3.3  Plural nouns as premodifiers    　2.4  Talking about quantities and amounts：panitives      2.4.1  General partitives    2.4.2  Partitives related to the shape of things      2.4.3  Partitive related to volume      2.4.4  Partitives related to the state of action        2.4.5  PartitiVes denoting pairs，groups，flocks，etc.        2.4.6  Partitives denoting measures    　2.5  ReflerTing to an exact nunlber of things：numerals    2.5.1  Referring to the number of things：cardinal numbers    2.5.2  Referring to things in a sequence：ordinal numbers      2.5.3  Types of numerical expressions      2.5.4  Tlalking about age    2.5.5  Approximate numbers      Commuicative Practice Activities   2.6  Expanding the noun phrase：postmodifiers        2.6.1  Nouns with prepositional phrases　……3  Making a message4  Varying the message5  Expressing time6  Expressing manner and place7  Reporting people's words of thoughts8  Combining messages9  The Structure of information

章节摘录

　　Until now the rumours that had been circulating were exaggerated versions of the truth.　　The doctor had been working alone.　　He arrived back in Munich from Rome where he had been meeting other OAS leaders.　　They had been hitting our trucks regularly.　　The Home Office had until now been insisting on giving the officers only ten days to reacha settlement.　　Since then， the mother had been living with her daughter.　　The rain had been pouring all night.　　5.2.5.3 Past perfective in clauses　　The past perfective is common in sentences with adverbial clauses of time. In such sen-tences there are normally two actions that happen one after another and generally the earlierhappening is expressed by the past perfective and the latter happening by the simple past：　　When I had sorted that out， l shrugged.　　When everyone had drunk two or three horns， Nwakibie sent for his wives.　　When he returned the priest had already used the special needle-sharp quill and ink.　　Since conjunctions such as before， after， when and as soon as can indicate time sequenceby their own lexical meanings， we can also use the simple past instead of the past perfectivewith both the actions， especially when one action follows the other very closely （ e. g. I got areal shock when I opened the box）.　　In addition， the past perfective is also common in object and relative clauses：　　The house keeper mentioned that the dog had attacked its mistress more than once.　　They never perceived that they themselves had forced women into this role from childhood.　　It came almost as a shock to realize that her night had been peaceful.　　Some people even said that they had heard the spirits flying and flapping their wings a-gainst the roof of the cave.　　The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling for hours.　　A patient reported a dream that had recurred throughout her life.　　This finding was confirmed using lifetable analysis， with a 35 percent reduction in the pro-portion of ulcer relapses in patients who had received cisapride.　　The 245-year-old was a remnant of the old-growth lodgepole pine that had originallycovered the area of all three stands.　　5.2.5.4 Imaginary use of past perfective　　The past perfective when used to express hypothetical meanings is called the imaginaryuse of the past perfective. This use is found in the following three structures。