社会语言学与英语学习

出版时间：2010-7  出版社：东南大学出版社  作者：谢徐萍  页数：261  

前言

　　社会语言学是语言学中的重要研究成果领域或分支之一，虽然确立至今只有不到40年的历史，却因其独特的学科性质和极强的发展能力而备受关注。目前，社会语言学已经和句法学、音系学、语义学等一起，成为许多大学语言学专业的核心课程。国外学者编著出版的社会语言学教程虽各具特色，然与我国的英语教育教学关系不够紧密；由国内学者编著出版的社会语言学教程／著作大都用中文编写，并不十分适用于英语专业研究生课程教科书而只能作为课程参考书。　　社会语言学主要研究的是语言的变异、变体、语言使用习惯上的差异，以及造成这些变异、变体及差异的社会文化因素。因此我认为，开设社会语言学这门课程的目的是：（1）向学生介绍作为世界通用语在不同的社会交际中、在跨文化交际中频繁使用的英语与社会、文化、交际、语境等方面的关系；（2）强调语言使用者必须掌握语言的社会功能、语言的变体、语言的变迁、语言的层次、语言的风格、语言使用的不同方式；（3）从社会语言学角度，观察英语、强化英语实践的能力，提高英语掌握的层次，指导英语实践。这三点也构成我拟编本教材的主导思想。　　本书的主要读者是英语语言学专业的学生、语言研究者和语言教师，所以除了介绍一些社会语言学的基本概念以外，本书还运用社会语言学理论深入地讨论英语学习中的实际问题。本书共分10个章节。第l章绪论：从社会语言学的兴起与现状，社会语言学的研究对象、研究范围和目标，语言与社会的关系以及社会语言学与英语学习的关系等方面去概述什么是社会语言学，并对全书框架作简要介绍。第2章语言的变化：介绍了社会语言学中的一些基本概念，如“语项”、“变异”、“变体”、“变项”、“变式”、“语言社团”、“语言网络”。通过语音、词汇、语法、语义上种种变异，分析了语言变化的实质与产生变化的原因。第3章语言变化空间与范围：介绍了方言、土语、共通语、口音、同言线、方言连续统等概述，讨论了语言与方言的区别与联系以及标准语、洋泾浜语、克里奥语、语言的消失与复苏等问题。第4章语言与性别：分析了语言中的性别语言、性别歧视现象与因素，并推而广之指出英语中存在语言偏见现象。第5章英语世界里的英语变体：分析并讨论了各种社会因素影响人们选择和使用特定的语言形式以及黑人英语的形成与特点、形成好英语和坏英语的标准，譬如，不同的区域和社会阶层方面的相关因素影响人们使用语言时的发音、句法和词语特征，以及社会规范影响不同性别的话语模式和交际风格等等。

内容概要

语言是社会组合的工具。社会语言学对语言现象的一个基本认识是语言的变异性。本书着重研究语言与社会、语言与文化、语言与风格、语言与交际、语言与语境的关系；从社会语言学角度观察英语特点；帮助英语学习者了解在跨文化交际方面的知识，掌握英语技能，指导英语实践。    本书可作为英语专业本科生和研究生的教材，亦适用于英语学习者和英语爱好者，对英语教师和英语工作者也有较高的参考价值。

作者简介

谢徐萍：教授，硕士生导师，1983年毕业于南京师范大学外国语学院。现任南通大学外国语学院英语应用语言学研究所所长、研究生教研室主任：2003年赴澳大利亚昆士兰大学教育研究生院做高级访问学者。研究方向为语言学、教育心理学。主持江苏省教育厅课题及其他项目10余项。出版专著《英语读写文化(Literacy)研究》，获江苏省第二届教育科学优秀成果三等奖，迄今在省级以上学术期刊发表学术论文50多篇，其中在国外MELTA、《外语界》、《学术论坛》等CSSCI核心期刊发表论文约20篇，论文多次被中国人民大学书报资料中心全文转载，并获得江苏省各类优秀教育教学论文和科学研究成果奖励多项。

书籍目录

1  An Introduction to Sociolinguistics  1.1  What is Sociolinguistics?  1.2  History of Sociolinguistics in the West  1.3  Language and Society    1.3.1  Language as Social Behavior    1.3.2  Language as a Communicative Means    1.3.3  Language as an Information System  1.4  Sociolinguistics and English Learning  1.5  Summary2  Language Change  2.1  Introduction    2.1.1  Linguistic Item    2.1.2  Variety    2.1.3  Linguistic Variable    2.1.4  Speech Community    2.1.5  Networks and Repertoires  2.2  Forms of Language Change    2.2.1  Phonological Change    2.2.2  Morphological Changes    2.2.3  Lexical Semantic Change    2.2.4  Grammatical Change  2.3  Nature of Change    2.3.1  Internal and External Change    2.3.2  Family Tree    2.3.3  Wave Diffusion2.4  Factors of Change    2.4.1  Imitation of the Prestigious    2.4.2  Slang and Dialects    2.4.3  Simplification    2.4.4  Politeness    2.4.5  Stratum Terms  2.5  General Conclusions3  Language Variety Space  3.1  Language and Dialect    3.1.1  Dialecte and Patois    3.1.2  Size and Prestige    3.1.3  Social and Political Factors    3.1.4  Dialect and Intelligibility  3.2  Standard Languages    3.2.1  Standardization    3.2.2  Historicity and Vitality    3.2.3  Autonomy and Acceptance    3.2.4  Reduction and Mixture  3.3  Pidgin and Creole    3.3.1  Lingua Francas    3.3.2  Pidgins    3.3.3  Creoles    3.3.4  Theories of Origin  3.4  Language Loss and Revival  3.5  General Conclusions4  Language and Gender  4.1  Male/Female Language    4.1.1  Male/Female Lexical Forms    4.1.2  Male/Female Language Differences  4.2  Sexism in Languages    4.2.1  Marked and Unmarked Terms    4.2.2  Female Vocabulary    4.2.3  Sexist Language  4.3  Sex Differences and Possible Reasons    4.3.1  Social Division of Labour    4.3.2  Social Prejudice    4.3.3  Power and Control    4.3.4  Role Relations  4.4  Language Bias in English  4.5  General Conclusion5  Varieties in the English World  5.1  English and Social Class    5.1.1  Class and Status    5.1.2  Social Class and Language Variation    5.1.3  Social Status and ' Prestige' Norms  5.2  Black English in America    5.2.1  Characteristics of Black English    5.2.2  Three Views on Black English  5.3  American English    5.3.1  History of American English    5.3.2  Characteristics of American English    5.3.3  American English and British English  5.4  Good English and Bad English  5.5  Summary6  Language and Context  6.1  Context Views  6.2  Linguistic Context    6.2.1  Conceptual Meaning    6.2.2  Grammatical Meaning    6.2.3  Topic Meaning    6.2.4  Collocative Meaning6.3  Non-linguistic Context    6.3.1  Cultural Meaning    6.3.2  Stylistic Meaning    6.3.3  Status Meaning    6.3.4  Temporal and Spatial Meaning6.4  Style of English in Application    6.4.1  Style    6.4.2  English in Advertisements    6.4.3  Features in Political English  6.5  Register    6.5.1  Context and Register    6.5.2  Features of Register  6.6  Summary7  Cultural Variety of Language  7.1  Language and Culture  7.2  Linguistic and Cultural Relativity    7.2.1  The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis    7.2.2  Reaction to Linguistic and Cultural Relativity  7.3  Address Forms and Culture    7.3.1  Kinship Term and Kinship System    7.3.2  Social Address  7.4  Jargon, Taboo & Euphemism    7.4.1  Jargon    7.4.2  Taboo    7.4.3  Euphemism8  Language Contact  8.1  Diglossia    8.1.1  Definitions of Diglossia    8.1.2  Features of Diglossia    8.1.3  Extended Meanings of Diglossia  8.2  Bilinguals & Bilingualism    8.2.1  Descriptive Analysis of Bilingualism    8.2.2  Bilingual Competence  8.3  Code Choosing and Code Switching    8.3.1  Code Switching    8.3.2  Code-Mixing    8.3.3  Attitudes to Code Switching and Code Mixing  8.4  Concluding Remarks9  Configurations of Language  9.1  Spoken and Written Language  9.2  Differences and Similarities Between the Two Modalities  9.3  Continua from Written to Spoken  9.4  Variation Across Speech and Writing  9.5  Literacy and Literacies  9.6  General Conclusions10  Communicative Use of Language  10.1  Ethnography of Speaking    10.1.1  Descriptive Analysis of Speaking    10.1.2  The Norms Governing Speech  10.2  Speech Acts and the Cooperative Principle    10.2.1  Properties of Speech Acts    10.2.2  Indirect Speech Acts    10.2.3  Conversational Maxims  10.3  Conversational Structure and Strategies    10.3.1  Adjacency Pairs    10.3.2  Turn-taking    10.3.3  Openings, Topics and Closings  10.4  Face and Politeness    10.4.1  The Face Theory    10.4.2  Politeness Principle  10.5  Concluding RemarksBibliography

章节摘录

　　On most occasions， people imitate the speech of those who are in higher social positions. At the same time， many upper classes also borrow slang vocabulary from lower classes， especially the youth from the higher social groups who often imitate the pronunciation or informal discourse of the lower strata. For example， in Australia the lower class people are fond of using high-rise terminal in declarative sentences as they treat a question， which is thought as vulgar and full of vernacular features by the older generation. However， many youth from the higher strata would strive to be the first in imitating it.　　Different discourse styles of male and female form another important factor generating language variation. We will discuss the relationship between language and gender in chapter 4. Holmes （ 1998 ） points out that in general， women tend to introduce the prestige forms， whereas men tend to lead changes in the opposite direction， introducing new vernacular forms. Women use more standard but less vernacular forms than men. Holmes once made an investigation in a Spanish countryside and found that many women there tired of farming， went to city and began imitating standard language after they found jobs in the city （ even as baby-sitters， they could contact middle class employers）. In contrast， many city upper-working class men often adopted informal forms of middle or lower-working class men， including vulgar of swear words or taboo words.

编辑推荐

　　《社会语言学与英语学习》的主要读者是英语语言学专业的学生、语言研究者和语言教师，所以除了介绍一些社会语言学的基本概念以外，《社会语言学与英语学习》还运用社会语言学理论深入地讨论英语学习中的实际问题。全书共分10个章节，主要包括：语言的变化；语言变化空间与范围；语言与性别；英语世界里的英语变体；语言与语境；语言的文化变异；语言接触；语言的多重构型；语言与交际等。

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