出版时间:2012-11-1 出版社:世界图书出版公司·后浪出版公司 作者:约瑟夫•M•博格斯(Joseph M.Boggs),丹尼斯•W•皮特里(Dennis W.Petrie) 页数:589 字数:792000
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前言
正如著名导演约瑟夫•冯•斯登堡所言:“电影是一件艺术品。”所以无论当代好莱坞电影如何用俗套的剧情、精美的特效、病毒式的宣传将商业片的概念以一种廉价的方式灌输进电影产业的方方面面,电影依然被无数渴望了解它、鉴赏它的人们当做一门艺术来珍视。那么,如何才能看“懂”这件艺术品呢?就像鉴赏一件出土自某个古老朝代的器皿需要了解它所处时代的艺术风貌、工艺特征甚至是帝王喜好一样,我们同样需要对电影的故事内涵、艺术形式、拍摄手法以及它与社会的关系等诸多方面详加品析,而《看电影的艺术》就是这么一本“鉴宝大全”。《看电影的艺术》是当下美国最热门的电影专业教材之一,被加州大学伯克利分校等400余所著名学府采用,现在已经升级至第7版。全书涵盖了与电影有关的大部分专业知识,从主题的确立、如何用虚构情节和戏剧元素讲故事等内容表现手段,到视觉设计、摄影、视效、剪辑手法、色彩运用等视觉元素的呈现技巧,再到音效、对白、配乐等声音元素的运用方式,为读者全方位展现了电影在故事层面、技术层面、社会学层面以及美学层面的多重身份。除了严谨的理论框架外,本书另一大特色则是其一直追求的新颖而引人入胜的讲授方式。书中尽量采用了大量当今读者可能看过的影片作为例子,包括像《指环王》、《蝙蝠侠:开战时刻》、《父辈的旗帜》、《阳光小美女》、《艺伎回忆录》、《罪恶之城》等具有相当艺术水准的主流商业片,令读者能由自己所熟悉的东西开始,更加投入地进入本书所营造的艺术世界当中。本书中文版由北京大学出版社于2010年出版。较之中文版,影印版完整呈现了英文原书配备的450张品质上乘的图片,辅以48个彩页,并保留了原书课后练习中的“观片练习”、“片段练习”和“DVD花絮参考”以及书后的索引部分,生动还原原书品质,读者可对照中文版阅读和学习。
内容概要
本书为当下美国最热门的电影专业教材之一,被加州大学伯克利分校等400
余所著名学府采用,现在已经升级至第7版。全书涵盖了与电影有关的大部分专业知识,从主题的确立、如何用虚构情节和戏剧元素讲故事等内容表现手段,到视觉设计、摄影、视效、剪辑手法、色彩运用等视觉元素的呈现技巧,再到音效、对白、配乐等声音元素的运用方式,为读者全方位展现了电影在故事层面、技术层面、社会学层面以及美学层面的多重身份。在每章的结尾本书还设置了课后练习,为读者总结知识点,扩展观片量,帮助读者培养分析与鉴赏影片的技巧与能力。
作者简介
(美)约瑟夫·M.·博格斯(Joseph M. Boggs),曾于美国西肯塔基大学任教。
(美)丹尼斯·W·皮特里 (Dennis W.
Petrie),三州联合大学教授美国文学和文化研究专业,发表过研究传记文学的专著。
书籍目录
电影学院?影印从书说明
出版前言
PREFACE前言
1 The Art of Watching Films
第一章 看电影的艺术
THE UNIQUENESS OF FILM
电影的独特性
THE CHALLENGES OF FILM ANALYSIS
电影分析面临的挑战
THE VALUE OF FILM ANALYSIS
电影分析的价值
BECOMING A RECEPTIVE VIEWER
成为善于接受的观众
THE FILM-VIEWING ENVIRONMENT
看电影的环境
PREPARING TO SEE A FILM
准备看电影
DEEPENING OUR RESPONSES TO FILMS
深化我们对电影的反应
Analyzing Your Responses to a Film
自测问题:分析你对一部电影的反应
2 Thematic Elements
第二章 主题元素
THEME AND FOCUS
主题和中心
Focus on Plot
以情节为中心
Focus on Emotional Effect or Mood
以情感效果或情绪为中心
Focus on Character
以人物为中心
Focus on Style or Texture or Structure
以风格、质感或结构为中心
Focus on Ideas
以思想为中心
IDENTIFYING THE THEME
确立主题
EVALUATING THE THEME
评价主题
Analyzing Theme
自测问题 :分析主题部分
Video Exercises
观片练习
Films for Study
学习影片列表
3 Fictional and Dramatic Elements
第三章 虚构和戏剧的要素
FILM ANALYSIS AND LITERARY ANALYSIS
电影分析和文学分析
THE ELEMENTS OF A GOOD STORY
好的故事应具备的要素
A Good Story Is Unified in Plo
好的故事有完整的情节
A Good Story Is Credible
好的故事是可信的
A Good Story Is Interesting
好的故事是有趣的
A Good Story Is Both Simple and Complex
好的故事既简单又复杂
A Good Story Handles Emotional Material withRestraint
好的故事应有节制地处理感情戏
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE
标题的重要性
DRAMATIC STRUCTURE
戏剧结构
Linear, or Chronological, Structure
线性或按时间顺序安排的结构
Nonlinear Structures
非线性结构
Endings: Fine-Tuning the Dénouement
结尾是对结局的仔细安排
CONFLICT
冲突
CHARACTERIZATION
人物刻画
Characterization Through Appearance
通过外表进行人物刻画
Characterization Through Dialogue
通过对白进行人物刻画
Characterization Through External Action
通过外部动作进行人物刻画
Characterization Through Internal Action
通过内心活动进行人物刻画
Characterization Through Reactions of OtherCharacters
通过其他角色的反应进行人物刻画
Characterization Through Contrast: Dramatic Foils
通过对比进行人物刻画:戏剧性衬角
Characterization Through Caricature and Leitmotif
通过漫画化和主题反复进行人物刻画
Characterization Through Choice of Name
通过名字的选择进行人物刻画
Varieties of Characters
人物角色的多样性
ALLEGORY
寓言
SYMBOLISM
象征
Universal and Natural Symbols
通用的和自然的象征符号
Creating Symbolic Meanings
创造象征意义
Symbolic Patterns and Progressions
象征阵式和递进
Symbolic Values in Conflic
冲突的象征意义
Metaphors
隐喻
Overreading Symbolism
过分解读象征意义
IRONY
反讽
Dramatic Irony
戏剧性反讽
Irony of Situation
情境反讽
Irony of Character
角色反讽
Irony of Setting
场景反讽
Irony of Tone
语调反讽
Cosmic Irony
宇宙反讽
Analyzing Fictional and Dramatic Elements
自测问题:分析虚构的、戏剧的要素
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
4 Visual Design
第四章 视觉设计
COLOR VERSUS BLACK AND WHITE
彩色对黑白
SCREEN FORMAT (ASPECT RATIO)
银幕格式(宽高比例)
FILM STOCK
电影胶片
PRODUCTION DESIGN/ART DIRECTION
美工设计/美术指导
The Script: The Starting Point
剧本:创作起点
Setting and Its Effects
场景及其效果
Studio Versus Location Shooting
摄影棚还是外景拍摄
Period Pieces
年代剧
Living Spaces and Office
生活空间和办公室
Fantasy Worlds
奇幻世界
COSTUME AND MAKEUP DESIGN
服装和化装设计
LIGHTING
布光
THE BUDGET’S EFFECT ON THE FILM’SLOOK
预算对影片视觉的影响
Analyzing Visual Design
自测问题:分析视觉设计
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
5 Cinematography and Special VisualEffects
第五章 摄影和特殊视觉效果
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VISUAL IMAGE
视觉画面的重要性
THE CINEMATIC FILM
有电影感的电影
CINEMATIC POINTS OF VIEW
电影的视点
Objective Point of View
客观视点
Subjective Point of View
主观视点
Indirect-Subjective Point of View
间接主观视点
Director’s Interpretive Point of View
导演诠释视点
ELEMENTS OF CINEMATIC COMPOSITION
电影构图元素
Focusing Attention on the Most Significant Objec
关注最有意义的物体
Keeping the Image in Motion
保持画面的动感
Creating an Illusion of Depth
制造景深幻觉
SPECIALIZED CINEMATIC TECHNIQUES
特殊电影技巧
Handheld Camera
手持摄影机
Camera Angles
摄影角度
Color, Diffusion, and Soft Focus
色彩、散射和软焦
Special Lenses
特殊光学镜头
Fast Motion
快动作
Special Lighting Effects
特殊光效
MOVIE MAGIC: VISUAL EFFECTS IN THEMODERN FILM
电影魔术:现代电影中的特殊视觉效果
THE F/X OF ANIMATED FEATUREFILMS . . . ESPECIALLY FOR
ADULTS
动画片中的特效……尤其是为成人而设的(特效)
FLASHBACK: ANIMATION BECOMES THEMAIN EVENT
闪回:动画变成了主要事务
Analyzing Cinematography and Special Visual Effects
自测问题:分析摄影手法和视觉特效
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise: Cinematography
片段练习:电影摄影
Mini-Movie Exercise: Animated FX
片段练习:动画特效
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
6 Editing
第六章 剪辑
SELECTIVITY
选择
FLASHBACK: SAVING THE MOVIES: WHAT FILM EDITORS HAVE ALWAYS
DONE
闪回:拯救电影:电影剪辑师一直在做的事
COHERENCE, CONTINUITY, AND RHYTHM
一致性、连贯性和节奏
TRANSITIONS
转场
RHYTHMS, TEMPO, AND TIME CONTROL
节奏、速度和时间控制
EXPANSION AND COMPRESSION OF TIME
拉伸和压缩时间
SLOW MOTION
慢动作
THE FREEZE FRAME, THE THAWED FRAME, AND STILLS
定格、融格和静止画面
The Freeze Frame
定格
The Thawed Frame
融格
Stills
静止画面
CREATIVE JUXTAPOSITION: MONTAGE
创造性的镜头并置:蒙太奇
Questions for Analyzing Editing
自测问题:分析剪辑
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise I
片段练习
Mini-Movie Exercise II
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
7 Color
第七章 色彩
COLOR IN THE MODERN FILM
现代影片中的色彩
Effects of Color on the Viewer
色彩对观众的影响
FLASHBACK: DISCOVERING COLOR AT THE MOVIES
闪回:发掘影片中的色彩
Color as a Transitional Device
作为过渡手段的色彩
Expressionistic Use of Color
色彩的表现主义用法
Color as Symbol
作为象征符号的色彩
Surrealistic Use of Color
色彩的超现实主义用法
Leitmotifs in Color
色彩的主题反复
Color to Enhance Mood
色彩用于增强情绪
Comic Book Color
漫画书的色彩
Comic Strip Color
连环漫画的色彩
Painterly Effects in Color
色彩的绘画效果
Ironic Use of Color
反讽地使用色彩
Special Color Effects
特殊的色彩效果
COLOR VERSUS BLACK AND WHITE
彩色与黑白的对比
Analyzing Color
自测问题:分析色彩
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
8 Sound Effects and Dialogue
第八章 音效与对白
SOUND AND THE MODERN FILM
声音与现代电影
DIALOGUE
对白
THREE-DIMENSIONALITY IN SOUND
声音的三维特性
VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE SOUND
可见和不可见声源的声音
POINTS OF VIEW IN SOUND
声音中的视点
SPECIAL USES OF SOUND EFFECTS ANDDIALOGUE
音效和对白的特殊用途
Sound Effects to Tell an Inner Story
讲述内心故事的声音效果
Distortion of Sound to Suggest Subjective States
暗示主观心理状态的声音变形
The “Personality” of Mechanical Sounds
机械声音的“个性”
Slow-Motion Sound
慢动作声音
Ironic Juxtaposition of Sound and Image
声音和图像的反讽并置
Placing Unusual Emphasis on Sound
对声音作非同寻常的强调
Using Sound for Texture, Time, and Temperature
声音作为表现质感、时间和温度的手段
SOUND AS A PLOT DEVICE
声音作为一种剧情手段
SOUND AS A TRANSITIONAL ELEMENT
声音作为一种转场元素
VOICE-OVER NARRATION
旁白(画外音)叙述
SILENCE AS A SOUND EFFECT
作为音响效果的寂静
RHYTHMIC QUALITIES OF DIALOGUE ANDSOUND EFFECTS
对白和音效的韵律特征
THE “SOUNDS” OF FOREIGN LANGUAGEOR INTERNATIONAL FILMS
外语片或外国片的“声音”
Voice Dubbing
配音
Subtitles
字幕
FLASHBACK: DUBIOUS DUBBING
闪回:有争议的配音
Analyzing Sound Effects and Dialogue
自测问题:分析音效和对白
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
9 The Musical Score
第九章 配乐
THE REMARKABLE AFFINITY OF MUSIC ANDFILM
音乐与电影的密切联系
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MUSICAL SCORE
配乐的重要性
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSICALSCORE
配乐的常见功能
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSICALSCORE
配乐的特殊功能
Heightening the Dramatic Effect of Dialogue
加强对白的戏剧效果
Telling an Inner Story
讲述内心的故事
Providing a Sense of Time and Place
提供某种时空感
Foreshadowing Events or Building Dramatic Tension
预示事件或建立戏剧张力
Adding Levels of Meaning to the Visual Image
增加视觉画面的多层含义
Characterization Through Music
使用音乐进行人物刻画
Triggering Conditioned Responses
引起条件反射
Traveling Music
旅行音乐
Providing Important Transitions
提供重要的转场
Setting an Initial Tone
确立初始基调
Musical Sounds as Part of the Score
用音乐般的声音作为配乐的一部分
Music as Interior Monologue
音乐作为内心独白
Music as a Base for Choreographed Action
音乐作为舞蹈化动作的基础
Covering Possible Weaknesses in the Film
弥补影片中可能的缺陷
SYNTHESIZER SCORING
合成配乐
BALANCING THE SCORE
平衡配乐
Analyzing the Musical Score
自测问题:电影配乐分析
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
10 Acting
第十章 表演
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACTING
表演的重要性
THE GOAL OF THE ACTOR
演员的目标
BECOMING THE CHARACTER
化身为剧中人物
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FILM ACTING AND STAGE ACTING
电影表演与舞台表演的区别
FLASHBACK: SILENT FILMS: ACTING ON THEPAST
闪回:无声电影:过去的表演
TYPES OF ACTORS
演员的类型
Impersonators
角色再现型演员
Interpreters and Commentators
阐释与评注型演员
Personality Actors
本色型演员
THE STAR SYSTEM
明星制度
CASTING
挑选演员
Casting Problems
挑选演员的难题
The Typecasting Trap
扮演类型角色的陷阱
Supporting Players
配角演员
Special Casting Challenges
特殊选角的挑战
Extras and Small Parts
临时演员和小角色
ACTORS AS CREATIVE CONTRIBUTORS
演员是创造性的贡献者
SUBJECTIVE RESPONSES TO ACTORS
对演员的主观反应
Analyzing Acting
自测问题:分析表演
Video Exercises
观片练习
Mini-Movie Exercise I
片段练习
Mini-Movie Exercise II
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
11 The Director’s Style
第十一章 导演风格
THE CONCEPT OF STYLE
风格的概念
SUBJECT MATTER
题材
CINEMATOGRAPHY
摄影
EDITING
剪辑
SETTING AND SET DESIGN
场景和场景设计
SOUND AND SCORE
声音和配乐
CASTING AND ACTING PERFORMANCES
选角和表演
SCREENPLAYS AND NARRATIVE STRUCTURE
剧本和叙事结构
EVOLVING STYLES AND FLEXIBILITY
不断演变的风格和适应性
SPECIAL EDITION: THE DIRECTOR’S CUT
特别剪辑:导演剪辑版
A PORTFOLIO OF FOUR DIRECTORS
四位导演的比较
Analyzing a Director’s Style
自测问题:分析导演的风格
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
12 Analysis of the Whole Film
第十二章 影片的总体分析
THE BASIC APPROACH: WATCHING, ANALYZING, AND EVALUATINGTHE
FILM
基本方法:观看、分析和评价影片
Theme
主题
The Relationship of the Parts to the Whole
部分与整体的关系
The Film’s Level of Ambition
影片的目标水准
Objective Evaluation of the Film
对影片的客观评价
Subjective Evaluation of the Film
对影片的主观评价
OTHER APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS,EVALUATION, AND DISCUSSION
分析、评价和讨论的其他方法
The Film as Technical Achievement
作为技术成果的影片
The Film as Showcase for the Actor: The PersonalityCult
展示演员的影片:个人崇拜
The Film as Product of a Single Creative Mind:
TheAuteurApproach
作为单一创造者的成果的影片:作者导演分析法
The Film as Moral, Philosophical, or Social Statement
传达道德、哲学或社会思想的影片
The Film as Emotional or Sensual Experience
作为情感或感官体验的影片
The Film as Repeated Form: The Genre Approach
作为重复的艺术形式的影片:类型分析法
The Film as Political Statement
作为政治声明的影片
The Film as Gender Statement
作为性别宣言的影片
The Film as Insight to the Mind: The Psychoanalytical
Approach
深入洞察内心思想的影片:从心理分析的角度
The Eclectic Approach
折中的分析方法
REREADING THE REVIEWS
再读评论
EVALUATING THE REVIEWER
评价影评人
DEVELOPING PERSONAL CRITERIA
制定个人标准
Analyzing the Whole Film
自测问题:分析整部影片
Mini-Movie Exercise I
片段练习
Mini-Movie Exercise II
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
13 Adaptations
第十三章 改编影片
THE PROBLEMS OF ADAPTATION
改编影片存在的问题
Change in Medium
媒介的变化
Change in Creative Artists
艺术创作者的变化
Cinematic Potential of the Original Work
原著改编成电影的可能性
ADAPTATIONS OF PROSE FICTION
散文体小说的改编
Literary Versus Cinematic Points of View
文学视点和电影视点
FLASHBACK: THE WRITER’S PLACE INHOLLYWOOD
闪回:编剧在好莱坞的地位
Third-Person Point of View: Challenges
第三人称视点面临的挑战
First-Person Point of View: Challenges
第一人称视点面临的挑战
The Problem of Length and Depth
长度和深度的问题
Philosophical Reflection
哲学思考
Summarizing a Character’s Past
总结人物的过去
The Challenge of Summarizing Events
总结事件的困难
Literary Past Tense Versus Cinematic Present Tense
文学过去时与电影现在时
Other Factors Influencing Adaptationsof Fiction
其他影响小说改编的因素
ADAPTATIONS OF PLAYS
戏剧的改编
Structural Divisions
结构的划分
Sense of Space
空间感
Film Language Versus Stage Language
电影语言和舞台语言
Stage Conventions Versus Cinema Conventions
舞台传统手法和电影传统手法
Other Changes
其他变化
FROM FACT TO FILM: REALITY TO MYTH
从事实到影片:从现实到神话
Analyzing Adaptations
自测问题:分析改编影片
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
14 Genre Films, Remakes, and Sequels
第十四章 类型片、重拍片和续集片
GENRE FILMS
类型片
Values
价值观
The Strengths of Genre Films
类型片的力量
Basic Genre Conventions—and Their Variations
基本的类型片惯例及其变化
REMAKES AND SEQUELS
重拍片和续集片
Remakes
重拍片
Sequels
续集片
Analyzing Genre Films, Remakes, and Sequels
自测问题:分析类型片、重拍片和续集片
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
15 Film and Society
影片与社会
FILM FOREIGNNESS
外国影片
“Strange Silents”
“陌生的”无声电影
DOES AMERICAN FILM SHAPE OR REFLECT SOCIALAND CULTURAL
VALUES?
美国电影塑造或反映社会和文化价值观吗?
THE MOTION PICTURE PRODUCTION CODE,1930-1960
《电影制片法典》,1930-1960年
BOX 1: EXCERPTS FROM THE MOTIONPICTUREPRODUCTION CODE
表1:《电影制片法典》选录
CENSORSHIP IN TRANSITION, 1948-1968
过渡时期的审查制度,1948-1968年
THE MPAA RATING SYSTEM
MPAA分级制度
BOX 2: MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAVOLUNTARY MOVIE
RATINGSYSTEM
表2:美国电影协会自愿采用的电影分级制度
CENSORSHIP AND FILMS ON TELEVISION
审查制度与在电视上播放的电影
BEYOND THE CODE AND RATING SYSTEM
在规范和分级制度之外
CHANGING FORMULAS FOR THE TREATMENTOF SEX,VIOLENCE, AND
LANGUAGE
改变对性、暴力和粗口的处理方法
SOCIAL PROBLEM FILMS
社会问题影片
FLASHBACK: REALLY REEL LIFE
闪回:真实的银幕生活
Analyzing Films in Society
自测问题:分析社会类影片
Mini-Movie Exercise
片段练习
DVD Filmmaking Extras
DVD花絮参考
Films for Study
学习影片列表
NOTES
注释
GLOSSARY
重要词汇
INDEX
索引
CREDITS
参考书目
章节摘录
版权页: 插图: 4. Special Visual, Aural, or Musical Emphasis. Film has unique ways ofcharging and underscoring symbols and providing clues that an object isto be seen as a symbol. Visual emphasis may be achieved through dominant colors, lingering close-ups, unusual camera angles, changes fromsharp to soft focus, freeze frames, or lighting effects. Similar emphasis canalso be achieved through sound effects or use of the musical score. Individual natural sounds or musical refrains can become symbolic in theirown right if complex associations are built into them by any of the threemethods discussed above. Although filmmakers want to express their ideas dearly, they may not always want to express them too simply or too clearly. Thus, some symbols maybe very simple and dear, and others may be complex and ambiguous. Symbolsof the latter type can seldom be interpreted with one clear and certain meaning;there may be no single right answer to what a given symbol means, but severalequally valid but different interpretations. This is not to say that a filmmakerusing ambiguous symbols is deliberately trying to confuse us. The intention isusually to use complexity to enrich or enhance the work. Symbolic Patterns and Progressions 象征阵式和递进 Although symbols may function singly without a clear relationship tO othersymbols, they often interact with other symbols in what might be called symbolicpatterns. In such a case, the filmmaker expresses the same idea through severalsymbols instead of relying on only one. The resulting symbolic pattern mayhave a certain progression, so that the symbols grow in value or power as thefilm progresses. An excellent example is the complex pattern of symbols that graduallybuilds up to the climax of Suddenly, Last Summer. The idea of a savage universeinhabited by creatures who devour each other is established by the Venus flytrap and Mrs. Venable. Other symbolic images with the same meaning are usedto achieve a pattern of ever increasing dramatic power. The third symbolicimage in this pattern appears in Mrs. Venable's description of a sight she andSebastian witnessed on the Encantadas:10 Over a narrow black beach of the Encantadas... the just-hatched seaturdes scrambled out of the sandpits and started their race to the sea To escape the flesheating birds that made the sky almost as black as the beach!... And the sand wasall alive, all alive, as the hatched seaturdes made their dash for the sea, while thebirds hovered and swooped to attack and hovered and swooped to attack! Theywere diving down on the hatched seaturtles, turning them over to expose their softundersides, tearing the undersides open and rending and eating their fleshHaving set up three symbols for the same idea (the Venus flytrap, Mrs.
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