语义关系与词库

出版时间：2012-10  出版社：世界图书出版公司  作者：墨菲  页数：292  字数：398000  
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内容概要

《语义关系与词库/西方语言学与应用语言学视野》编著者M.Lynne
Murphy。
《语义关系与词库/西方语言学与应用语言学视野》内容提要：本书主要讨论词汇之间的多种聚合语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系，以及这些关系与我们心理词汇结构的关系。作者提出了一个研究语义关系的语用学方法，认为聚合关系构成元语言知识，可以通过一个单一的关系原则生成，并且可以作为我们对词的概念表征而存储。
本书分为两个部分：第一部分讲述作者提出的方法如何对词汇关系的特征作出解释；第二部分则详细地考察了各种语义关系。对于研究和学习语言学及认知科学，并且关注词汇的心理表征的学者来说，本书是一本信息丰富的工具书。

作者简介

　　墨菲（M.Lynne Murphy），英国苏塞克斯大学（University of Sussex）的语言学与英语讲师，研究兴趣为：心理词库的结构、可分级的形容词意义，以及关于社会群体名称语义发展的心理社会制约等。

书籍目录

《西方语言学视野》总序
《语义关系与词库》导读
英文目录
致谢
符号与字体凡例
第一部分：聚合关系概论
　第1章 为什么要讨论词汇关系？
　　1．1 语义关系研究方法
　　1．2 语义关系：一些相关定义
　　1．3 心理词库是什么？
　　1．4 词、概念和关于词的概念
　　1．5 小结和下面的内容概览
　第2章 研究语义关系的语用方法
　　2．1 语义关系的性质
　　2．2 语义相关性属于元语言知识
　　2．3 元词汇处理方法的蕴含
　　2．4 小结
　第3章 其他研究方法
　　3．1 不同学科对词汇关系的兴趣
　　3．2 关系的派生观：词典模式
　　3．3 意义之外的关系：词典／汇编模式
　　3．4 关系的初始观：语义假定
　　3．5 词汇关系的概念状态
　　3．6 小结和下面的内容概览
第二部分：聚合关系专论
　第4章 同义关系与相似性
　　4．1 同义词的语用研究法
　　4．2 意义的不同方面和同义词的下位类
　　4．3 以往讨论到的同义聚合的性质
　　4．4 同义关系对词汇的影响
　　4．5 同义关系与其他关系
　　4．6 小结
　第5章 反义关系与对比
　　5．1 语义对立与对比的元词汇处理分析方法
　　5．2 反义词和对比集合的性质
　　5．3 反义词的类型
　　5．4 自然语言中的词汇语义对立
　　5．5结论
　第6章 上下位关系、整体部分关系和其他语义关系
　　6．1 上下位关系
　　6．2 整体部分关系
　　6．3 其他关系
　　6．4 小结：在元词汇研究方法中的不对称关系
　第7章 词库和元词库：蕴含与探索
　　7．1 词库的语义组织有必要吗？
　　7．2 可行的词库模式是什么？
　　7．3 元语言学家前途如何？
附录：关系要素
注释
参考文献
索引

章节摘录

　　The second problem for the lexicon-as-dictionary metaphor is the fact that lexical items can map to many different concepts， and thus be polysemous， but there is no principled limit to a word's polysemy. A dictionary deals with polysemy by listing a small number of senses for any word in an entry， and some lexical semantic theories have treated polysemous words as having multiple senses within lexical entries （e.g.， Ullmann 1957; Katz and Fodor 1963）. So， like a dictionary， the lexical entry for horseradish might list three possible meanings: a type of plant， the vegetable that consists of the root of that plant， and a condiment made from that vegetable. But listing meanings in the lexiconis doomed to failure since， as Nunberg （1978） has argued， the number of usable senses for any lexical item is limitless. Nunberg's argument is based on the observation that different criteria for establishing reference can be invented and used within the particulars of a context - so nonce meanings are possible and not uncommon. Nunberg uses the example of jazz， but tea illustrates the point as well. Tea can refer to a drinkable herbal infusion or the prepared herbs for making such an infusion. It can also refer. to a cup- or glass-sized portion of that infusion， as in I'd like a tea， please. It can also refer particularly to a hot version of this drink （in contrast to iced tea）， but in the southern United States it refers to the iced version， in contrast to hot tea. It is also sometimes used to refer to certain types of tea （especially those with caffeine）， so that we may contrast it to others， as in I can't drink tea after supper - just herbal tea. Such conventional uses are probably countable in number， and some may be excluded from any particular English speaker's lexicon because they are not part of that person's dialect. But even within a single language user， the range of concepts that a lexical item indicates is not necessarily limited or static. For example， let us say that in South Africa I grew to like rooibos tea and that I visit Nancy in New York who asks Would you like some teal Now， knowing that Nancy has probably never heard of rooibos， I assume that when she says tea， rooibos is not a member of the set of things that she intends to refer to， so I reply， No， I don't care for tea. For the purpose of this exchange， the sense I use for tea does not include rooibos， but in another context I may refer torooibos as tea， as in The only tea I like is rooibos. I leave it to the reader to imagine other contexts in which a speaker might use a sense of tea that denotes all teas but chamomile or only peppermint tea. The point is that the category that the speaker intends to refer to with the word tea （and that the audience may identify when the speaker uses tea） shifts with the speaker's knowledge and expectations of the context. Thus， the number of possible senses of tea that may be reasonably intended and understood is limited only by the number of possible combinations of beliefs that the speaker and hearer have about the world and the situation in which the utterance is made. Thus， one cannot take an inventory of a word's senses. Instead， a word's sense in any particular on text is the result of some implicit negotiation between the members of the talk exchange along with beliefs about how that word is conventionally used.　　……

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