文字书写系统的计算理论

出版时间：2010-8  出版社：北京大学出版社  作者：史伯乐　著  页数：235  
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内容概要

本书以说明文语转换系统的可操作性问题为前提，目的并不是要介绍不同的文字书写系统。最重要的理论论点都在第一章提出。其两个基本论点是：(一)词形到书写规则的映射存在正则关系(regular relation)；(二)一个特定语言的书写系统所表达的语言学信息具有一致性(consistency)。其它的章节主要是通过实例以不同的角度来对这两个论点作出详细的阐述和证明。第二章较详细的阐述了书写系统的正则性。第三章则详细说明了特定文字如何表?语言学信息以及所信息表达信息的一致性问题。第四章介绍现代语言学的几种常用的文字体系分类，进而提出对文字书写系统的二维分类方法。第五章简要介绍如何用心理语言学的方法来分析母语读者进行文语转换的方式，并将本书所提出的理论与心理语言学的结论进行印证。第六章先讲解文字与书写系统是如何被不同的文字借鉴以及承传的方式方法，另外给出文字中对缩写和数字的表述以及转换，最后对本书的内容做了一个总结。

书籍目录

导读F9PrefaceF29List of FiguresF31List of TablesF331 Reading Devices11.1 Text to Speech Conversion：A Brief Introduction21.2 The Task of Pronouncing Aloud：A Model61.2.1 A Simple Example from Russian61.2.2 Formal Definitions111.2.2.1 AVMs and Annotation Graphs111.2.2.2 Definitions131.2.2.3 Axioms141.2.3 Central Claims of the Theory151.2.3.1 Regularity161.2.3.2 Consistency191.2.4 Further Issues201.2.4.1 Why a Constrained Theory of Writing Systems?211.2.4.2 Orthography and the “Segmental” Assumption231.3 Terminology and Conventions251.A Appendix：An Overview of Finite State Automata and Transducers291.A.1 Regular Languages and Finite State Automata291.A.2 Regular Relations and Finite State Transducers302 Regularity342.1 Planar Regular Languages and Planar Regular Relations352.2 The Locality Hypothesis412.3 Planar Arrangements：Examples422.3.1 Korean Hankul432.3.2 Devanagari452.3.3 Pahawh Hmong472.3.4 Chinese482.3.5 A Counterexample from Ancient Egyptian542.4 Cross Writing System Variation in the SLU552.5 Macroscopic Catenation：Text Direction592.A Sample Chinese Characters and Their Analyses623 ORL Depth and Consistency673.1 Russian and Belarusian Orthography：A Case Study673.1.1 Vowel Reduction683.1.2 Regressive Palatalization733.1.3 Lexical Marking in Russian and Other Issues763.1.4 Summary of Russian and Belarusian793.2 English793.3 The Orthographic Representation of Serbo Croatian Consonant Devoicing893.3.1 Methods and Materials913.3.2 Results923.4 Cyclicity in Orthography953.5 Surface Orthographic Constraints963.A English Deep and Shallow ORLs993.A.1 Lexical Representations993.A.2 Rules for the Deep ORL1273.A.3 Rules for the Shallow ORL1294 Linguistic Elements1314.1 Taxonomies of Writing Systems：A Brief Overview1324.1.1 Gelb1324.1.2 Sampson1334.1.3 DeFrancis1344.1.3.1 No Full Writing System Is Semasiographic1344.1.3.2 All Full Writing Is Phonographic1354.1.3.3 Hankul Is Not Featural1354.1.4 A New Proposal4.1.5 Summary4.2 Chinese Writing4.3 Japanese Writing4.4 Some Further Examples4.4.1 Syriac Syame4.4.2 Reduplication Markers4.4.3 Cancellation Signs5 Psycholinguistic Evidence5.1 Multiple Routes and the OrthographicDepth Hypothesis5.1.1 Evidence for the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis5.1.2 Evidence against the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis5.2 "Shallow" Processing in "Deep" Orthographies5.2.1 Phonological Access in Chinese5.2.2 Phonological Access in Japanese5.2.3 Evidence for the Function of Phonetic Components in Chinese5.2.4 Summary5.3 Connectionist Models:The Seidenberg-McClelland Model5.3.1 Outline of the Model5.3.2 What Is Wrong with the Model？ 5.4 Summary6 Further Issues6.1 Adaptation of Writing Systems:The Case of Manx Gaelic6.2 Orthographic Reforms: The Case of Dutch6.2.1 The 1954 Spelling Rules6.2.2 The 1995 Spelling Rules6.3 Other Forms of Notation:Numerical Notation and Its Relation to Number Names6.4 Abbreviatory Devices6.5 Non-Bloomfieldian Views on Writing6.6 PostscriptBibliographyIndex

章节摘录

　　Our starting point for this study of writing systems is text-to-speech synthe-sis - TTS， and more specifically the computational problem of convertingfrom written text into a linguistic representation. While the connection be-tween TTS systems on the one hand and writing systems on the other maynot be immediately apparent， a moment's reflection will make it clear thatthe problem to be solved by a TTS system - namely the conversion ofwritten text into speech - is exactly the same problem as a human readermust solve when presented with a text to be read aloud. And just as writingsystems， their properties， and the ways in which they encode linguistic infor-mation are of interest to psycholinguists who study how people read， so （inprinciple） should such considerations be of interest to those who develop　　TTS technology： At the very least， it ought to be of as much interest as，for example， understanding the physiology and acoustics erlying speechproduction， something that early speech synthesis researchers such as Fant（1960） were heavily involved in.　　Since my starting point is TTS， and since I assume that most readers willnot be familiar with this field， I will start this chapter with a review of someof the issues relevant to the development of TTS systems， particularly asthey relate to the problem of analyzing input text. This will be the topic ofSection 1.1. In Section 1.2 1 will informally introduce， by way of a simpleexample， the model that I shall be developing throughout the rest of thisbook. Finally， Section 1.3 will introduce some aspects of the formalism andthe conventions that will be used throughout this book.　　……