出版时间:2009-3 出版社:机械工业出版社 作者:Richard A.Brualdi 页数:605
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前言
I have made some substantial changes in this new edition of Introductory Combinatorics, and they are summarized as follows: In Chapter 1, a new section (Section 1.6) on mutually overlapping circles has been added to illustrate some of the counting techniques in later chapters. Previously the content of this section occured in Chapter 7. The old section on cutting a cube in Chapter 1 has been deleted, but the content appears as an exercise. Chapter 2 in the previous edition (The Pigeonhole Principle) has become Chapter 3. Chapter 3 in the previous edition, on permutations and combinations, is now Chapter 2. Pascals formula, which in the previous edition first appeared in Chapter 5, is now in Chapter 2. In addition, we have de-emphasized the use of the term combination as it applies to a set, using the essentially equivalent term of subset for clarity. However, in the case of multisets, we continue to use combination instead of, to our mind, the more cumbersome term submultiset. Chapter 2 now contains a short section (Section 3.6) on finite probability. Chapter 3 now contains a proof of Ramseys theorem in the case of pairs. Some of the biggest changes occur in Chapter 7, in which generating functions and exponential generating functions have been moved to earlier in the chapter (Sections 7.2 and 7.3) and have become more central. The section on partition numbers (Section 8.3) has been expanded. Chapter 9 in the previous edition, on matchings in bipartite graphs, has undergone a major change. It is now an interlude chapter (Chapter 9) on systems of distinct representatives (SDRs)——the marriage and stable marriage problemsand the discussion on bipartite graphs has been removed. As a result of the change in Chapter 9, in the introductory chapter on graph theory (Chapter 11), there is no longer the assumption that bipartite graphs have been discussed previously.
内容概要
本书是系统阐述组合数学基础、理论、方法和实例的优秀教材,出版30多年来多次改版,被MIT、哥伦比亚大学、UIUC、威斯康星大学等众多国外高校采用,对国内外组合数学教学产生了较大影响,也是相关学科的主要参考文献之一。 本书侧重于组合数学的概念和思想。包括鸽巢原理、计数技术、排列组合、P61ya计数法、二项式系数、容斥原理、生成函数和递推关系以及组合结构(匹配、实验设计、图)等。深入浅出地表达了作者对该领域全面和深刻的理解。除包含第4版中的内容外,本版又进行了更新,增加了有限概率、匹配数等内容。此外,各章均包含大量练习题,并在书末给出了参考答案与提示。
作者简介
Richard A.Brualdi美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校数学系教授(现已退休),曾任该系主任多年。他的研究方向包括组合数学、图论、线性代数和矩阵理论.编码理论等。Brualdi教授的学术活动非常丰富,担任过多种学术期刊的主编。2000年由于“在组合数学研究中所做出的杰出终身成就
书籍目录
Preface1 What 'Is Combinatorics? 1.1 Example: Perfect Covers of Chessboards 1.2 Example: Magic Squares 1.3 Example: The Four-Color Problem 1.4 Example: The Problem of the 36 OfFicers 1.5 ,Example: Shortest-Route Problem 1.6 Example: Mutually Overlapping Circles 1.7 Example: The Game of Nim 1.8 Exercises2 Permutations and Combinations 2.1 Four Basic Counting Principles 2.2 Permutations of Sets 2.3 Combinations (Subsets) of Sets 2.4 Permutations of Multisets 2.5 Combinations of Multisets 2.6 Finite Probability 2.7 Exercises3 The Pigeonhole Principle 3.1 Pigeonhole Principle: Simple Form 3.2 Pigeonhole Principle: Strong Form 3.3 A Theorem of Ramsey 3.4 Exercises4 Generating Permutations and Combinations 4.1 Generating Permutations 4.2 Inversions in Permutations 4.3 Generating Combinations 4.4 Generating r-Subsets 4.5 Partial Orders and Equivalence Relations 4.6 Exercises5 The Binomial Coefficients 5.1 Pascal's Triangle 5.2 The Binomial Theorem 5.3 Unimodality of Binomial Coefficients 5.4 The Multinomial Theorem 5.5 Newton's Binomial Theorem 5.6 More on Partially Ordered Sets 5.7 Exercises6 The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle and Applications 6.1 The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle 6.2 Combinations with Repetition 6.3 Derangements 6.4 Permutations with Forbidden Positions 6.5 Another Forbidden Position Problem 6.6 M6bius Inversion 6.7 Exercises7 Recurrence Relations and Generating Functions 7.1 Some Number Sequences 7.2 Generating Functions 7.3 Exponential Generating Functions 7.4 Solving Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations .. 7.5 Nonhomogeneous Recurrence Relations 7.6 A Geometry Example 7.7 Exercises8 Special Counting Sequences 8.1 Catalan Numbers 8.2 Difference Sequences and Stirling Numbers 8.3 Partition Numbers 8.4 A Geometric Problem 8.5 Lattice Paths and Schr6der Numbers 8.6 Exercises9 Systems of Distinct Representatives10 Combinatorial Designs11 Introduction to Graph Theory12 More ONgraph Theory13 Digraphs and Networks14 Polya CountingAnswers and Hints to ExercisesBibliographyIndex
章节摘录
Chapter 3 The Pigeonhole Principle We consider in this chapter an important, but elementary, combinatorial principle that can be used to solve a variety of interesting problems, often with surprising conclusions. This principle is known under a variety of names, the most common of which are the pigeonhole principle, the Dirichlet drawer principle, and the shoebox principle.1 Formulated as a principle about pigeonholes, it says roughly that if a lot of pigeons fly into not too many pigeonholes, then at least one pigeonhole will be occupied by two or more pigeons. A more precise statement is given below. 3.1 Pigeonhole Principle: Simple FormThe simplest form of the pigeonhole principle is tile following fairly obvious assertion.Theorem 3.1.1 If n+1 objects are distributed into n boxes, then at least one box contains two or more of the objects. Proof. The proof is by contradiction. If each of the n boxes contains at most one of the objects, then the total number of objects is at most 1 + 1 + ... +1(n ls) = n.Since we distribute n + 1 objects, some box contains at least two of the objects. Notice that neither the pigeonhole principle nor its proof gives any help in finding a box that contains two or more of the objects. They simply assert that if we examine each of the boxes, we will come upon a box that contains more than one object. The pigeonhole principle merely guarantees the existence of such a box. Thus, whenever the pigeonhole principle is applied to prove the existence of an arrangement or some phenomenon, it will give no indication of how to construct the arrangement or find an instance of the phenomenon other than to examine all possibilities.
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