膜生物反应器

出版时间：2012-2  出版社：西蒙•贾德(Simon Judd) 科学出版社 (2012-02出版)  作者：西蒙·贾德  页数：519  
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内容概要

　　随着膜科学技术日新月异的发展，膜生物反应器（Membrane Bioreactor，MBR）越来越广泛地应用于污水处理领域。《膜生物反应器：水和污水处理的原理与应用（原著第2版）（导读版）》采用将理论与工程分开的编写方式，旨在提供尽可能多的实用信息。　　全书共分5章。第1章为MBR概述，介绍了MBR的定义、膜与MBR的发展史及MBR市场的扩展过程，总结了MBR的市场现状及其发展的主要推动力。第2章详细阐述MBR基本原理。第3章探讨了MBR的设计、运行和维护。第4章介绍了30余类技术产品及其详细技术信息。第5章根据膜构型和具体工艺，介绍了部分膜产品的应用情况及多家MBR产品公司的近60个工程实例。

作者简介

作者:(英)西蒙·贾德（Simon Judd）

书籍目录

前言编者简介贡献者1 绪论2 基本原理3 设计、运行与维护4 商业化技术5 工程实例附录附录A 单位换算附录B MBR生物处理基本参数值附录C 膜产品缩略词符号说明术语表索引

章节摘录

Chapter 1IntroductionWithacknowledgementsto(inalphabeticalorderbyorganizationandcontributorlastname):Section  Name  Organisation1.2.1  Yiming Zeng  Superstring1.3.2  Ana Santos  Cran.eldUniversity1.4.1.1e2 Paul Jeffrey  Cran.eldUniversity1.4.2.1  Visvanathan Lingamurti (Lingam) Pillay  DurbanUniversityofTechnology TimYoung MBR Technology.1.4.2.2  David de Haas  GHD Pty Ltd1.4.2.3  Xia Huang, Yuexiao Shen, Kang Xiao  Tsinghua University1.4.2.4  Sebastian Zacharias  Cinzac Group1.4.2.5  Hiroki Itokawa  JapanSewageWorksAgency1.4.2.6  A. Wahab Mohammad  UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia1.4.2.7  TaoGuihe,KiranKekre,HarrySeah PUB1.4.2.8  Christoph Brepols  Erftverband1.4.2.9  VictorFerre KubotaMembraneEurope Josef Dusini  Ladurner Acque1.4.2.10  Darren Lawrence  KochMembraneSystems1.4.2.11  Daniel Sanchez  Hera-AMASA VictorFerre KubotaMembraneEurope1.4.2.12  Stephen Kennedy  Ovivo1.4.2.13  Zakir Hirani  MWH Americas Inc.1.5  Ana Santos  Cran.eldUniversity1.1. DEFINITIONTheterm‘membranebioreactor’(MBR)appliestoallwaterandwastewatertreatmentprocessesintegratingapermselectivemembranewithabiologicalprocess.AllcurrentlyavailablecommercialMBRprocessesemploythemembraneostensiblyasa.lter,rejectingthesolidmaterialsdevelopedbythebiologicalprocesstoprovideaclari.edanddisinfectedproduct.ItisthistypeofMBR,thebiomassrejectionMBR(Section1.1),whichformstheprimaryfocusofthisbook.TheprogressoftechnologicaldevelopmentandmarketpenetrationofMBRscanbeviewedinthecontextoftheirhistoricaldevel-opment(Section1.2),currentmarketpenetration(Section1.3),keydrivers Copyright . 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Section1.4)andthestatusofMBRresearch(Section1.5),allimpactingtosomedegreeonthefutureprospectsofthetechnology(Section1.6).1.2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1.2.1. Membranes and Membrane TechnologyThemembraneindustrydidnotexistuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury;themainresearchonmembraneseparationphenomenawasaimedatelucidatingthephysico-chemicalprinciplesoftheprocess,andthemechanismofdiffusion.However,someoftheseearly-stageachievementsstillimpactontheacademicresearchandindustrialapplicationstoday.TheseincludeFick’s(1855)phenomenologicallawsofdiffusion,van’tHoff’s(1887,1888)osmoticpres-sureequation,forwhichhewasawardedthe.rstNoblePrizeinChemistryin1901,andThomasGraham’spioneeringworkingasseparationusingbothporousmembranesanddensemembranesisstillrelevanttoday.Grahamdiscoveredthatrubberexhibitsselectivepermeabilitytodifferentgases,andalsofoundlow-molecularweightsubstancestobeconcentratedintheperme-atedgaswhenthemembraneporesizeisclosetothemeanfreepathofgasmolecules(Graham,1861,1866).Graham’sworkwasinspiredbySchmidt’s(1856)earlierstudy,wherehehadusedbovineheartmembranes(theporedimensionbeing1e50nm)toseparatesolubleAcaciaearguablythe.rstdocumentedultra.ltration(UF)experiment.The.rstsyntheticUFmembraneswerepreparedbyBechholdfromcollodion(nitrocellulose).Bechholdwasalsothe.rsttomeasuremembranebubblepoints,andtoproposetheterm‘ultra.lter’(Bechhold,1907).Otherimportantearlyresearchers,Elford,Zsigmondy,Bachmann,andFerry,etc.,furtherdevelopedBechhold’smembranepreparationmethod.CommercialapplicationofcollodionporousmembranescanbeattributedtoZsigmondy’slaboratoryattheUniversityofGoettingen,Germany;ZsigmondyandBach-mannwerethe.rsttoproposeamethodtoproduceporouscollodionmembraneinanindustrialscale(Zsigmondy&Bachmann,1918,1922).Basedonthistechnology,theworld’s.rstcommercialmicroporousmembranesupplier,SartoriusWerkeGmbH,wasestablishedinGoettingenin1925,althoughitsproductsweremostlysoldtoresearchlaboratories.Theearlyporouscollodionmembraneformationmethodwasnamed‘dryinversion’,whichisstillinusetoday.DuringWorldWarII,damagetoGermandistributionnetworksbybombingraidsledtothedevelopmentoftechniquesforrapidanalysisforbacteriainwatersupplies.UsingSartoriusmembranes,Mu¨llerandothersatHamburgUniversitydevelopedaneffectivemethodtocultivatemicro-organismsindrinkingwater.Thiswasthe.rstlarge-scaleapplicationofmicro.ltration(MF)membranes.FollowingonfromthisworkandinrecognitionofthestrategicimportanceofMFmembranes,AlexanderGoetz,aprofessorintheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,wassponsoredbytheUSmilitarytoduplicatetheSartoriusmembranetechnology.Goetzdevelopedanimprovedmembraneformationmethod,nowcalled‘vapour-inducedphaseseparation’.Themaininnovationofhismethodincludedusingacopolymerofcelluloseacetateandcellulosenitrateasthemembranematerial,andpreparingthemembraneinahighmoistureenvironment.ThistechnologywaslatertransferredtoLowellInc.,andin1954LowellestablishedtheMilliporeCorporationtocommer-cialisethemembrane.ThisrepresentstheincipientstagesoftheUSmicro-porousmembraneindustry.Theperiodbetweenthe1960sandthe1980sisoftenregardedasbeingthegoldenageofmembranescience.Thecrucialbreakthroughwasthedevelop-mentoftheasymmetriccelluloseacetatemembranebyLoebandSourirajanin1963(Loeb&Sourirajan,1964).LoebandSourirajan’smembranepreparationmethodisoftenreferredtoas‘wetphaseinversion’or‘non-solvent-inducedphaseseparation’(NIPS).Microporousmembranespreparedbythismethodhaveanasymmetricporousstructure:averythinsurfacemicroporouslayer(w0.2mm)supportedbyasubstratehavinglargerpores.Becauseofitsthinseparationlayer,theNIPSmembranedemonstratessigni.cantlyimproved.uxes.TheLoebandSourirajanmembranepreparationmethodhadagreatin.uenceonthedevelopmentofreverseosmosis(RO),UF,MFandgasseparation.LoebandSourirajan’sgoalwasfocusedonproducinghigh-.uxROmembranes,butotherresearchers,particularlyAlanS.Michaels,realizedthegeneralapplicabilityofthetechnique.MichaelswasthefounderofAmiconInc.Inthe1960s,AmiconInc.collaboratedwithDorr-OliverInc.todevelopnewkindsofUFmembranespreparedbyusingvariouspolymerssuchaspolyacrylonitrile(PAN),polysulfone(PS),poly(vinylidenedi.uoride)(PVDF)andothers(Michaels,1963),applyingthenewproductsonanindustrialscale.Thermallyinducedphaseseparation(TIPS)representsanotherimportantimprovementinthedevelopmentofmembranetechnologies.InTIPS,polymeranditsdiluentsaremixedunderhightemperaturetoformauniformsolution.Graduallyreducingthetemperatureofthecastingsolutioncausesphaseseparationandconsequentlyaporousstructure.The.rstcommercialTIPSmembranemaybeattributedtoCastro(1981).Inthefollowingtwodecades,TIPSmembraneshavebeenusedinavarietyofapplications,suchasbloodplasma.ltration,membranedistillation,fuelcellsandmedicaldressings.AdvantagesofTIPSmembranesincludehighporosity,highpermeationrate,highphysicalstrength,narrowporesizedistributionandgreaterwater.uxesthanthoseofNIPSmembranes:thepurewater.uxoftypicalTIPSMFmembranescommonlyexceeds1000Lperm2 membraneperhourperbarpressure(LMH/bar),comparedwith200e300LMH/barforNIPSUFandMFmaterials.TIPSmembranestypicallyusedforMFareof0.1e0.4mmporesize.Twoothercommerciallyimportantmembraneproductionmethodsaretheradiationtracketchedandmeltextrusionandcold-stretchingmethods.Radiationtracketchingwasdevelopedinthe1960s(Fleischer,Price,&Walker,1969)withlimitedapplicationinthemanufactureof.atmembraneduetoitspoorpermeabilityandhighcost.Themeltextrusionandcold-stretchingmethod,ontheotherhand,ismuchlowerincost.Themethodwas.rstdevelopedbyCelaneseCorp.in1974(Druin,Loft,&Plovan,1974).In1977,MitsubishiRayonCorp.producedahollow-.bre(HF)polyethylene(PE)MFmembranebythismembraneformationmethod.Asanimmersedmembranemodule,theHFPEMFmembraneofMitsubishiRayonhasfoundmanyapplicationsinthe.eldofwastewatertreatment.1.2.2. Membrane Bioreactor Technology1.2.2.1. TheEarlyYears:1970se1990sThe.rstmembranebioreactors(MBRs)weredevelopedcommerciallybyDorr-Oliverinthelate1960s(Bemberis,Hubbard,&Leonardet,1971),combiningUFwithaconventionalactivatedsludgeprocess(CASP),forapplicationtoship-boardsewagetreatment(Bailey,Bemberis,&Presti,1971).Otherbench-scalemembraneseparationsystemslinkedwithaCASPwerereportedataroundthesametime(Hardt,Clesceri,Nemerow,&Washington,1970;Smith,Gregorio,&Talcott,1969).Thesesystemswereallbasedonwhathavecometobeknownas‘sidestream’con.gurations(sMBR,Fig.1.1a),asopposedtothenowmorecommerciallysigni.cant‘immersed’con.guration(iMBR,Fig.1.1b).TheDorr-Olivermembranesewagetreatment(MST)processwasbasedon.at-sheet(FS)UFmembranesoperatedatwhatwouldnowbeconsideredexcessivepressures(3.5barinletpressure)andlow.uxes(17L/(m2 h),orLMH),yieldingmeanpermeabilitiesoflessthan10LMH/bar.Nonetheless,theDorr-OliversystemsucceededinestablishingtheprincipleofcouplingaCASPwithamembranetosimultaneouslyconcentratethebiomasswhilstgeneratingaclari.ed,disinfectedproduct.ThesystemwasmarketedinJapanunderlicensetoSankiEngineering,withsomesuccessupuntiltheearly1990s.DevelopmentswerealsounderwayinSouthAfricawhichledtotheRecirculated stream(a) (b)Sludge Out SludgeFIG. 1.1 Con.gurations of a membrane bioreactor: (a) sidestream and (b) immersed.commercializationofananaerobicdigesterUF(ADUF)MBRbyWeirEnvig(Botha,Sanderson,&Buckley,1992),foruseonhigh-strengthindustrialwastewaters.Ataroundthistime,fromthelate1980stoearly1990s,otherimportantcommercialdevelopmentsweretakingplace.InJapan,thegovernment-insti-gatedwaterrecyclingprogrammepromptedpioneeringworkbyYamamoto,Hiasa,Mahmood,&Matsuo(1989)todevelopanimmersedHFUFMBRprocess,aswellasthedevelopmentofanFS-micro.ltrationiMBRbytheagriculturalmachinerycompany,Kubota(Section4.2.1).Thissubsequentlyunderwentdemonstrationatpilotscale,.rstatHiroshimain1990(25m3/day,or0.025megalitresperdayorMLD)andthenatthecompany’sownsiteatSakai-Rinkaiin1992(0.110MLD).Bytheendof1996,therewerealready60KubotaplantsinstalledinJapanfordomesticwastewaterand,lateron,industrialef.uenttreatment,providingatotalinstalledcapacityof5.5MLD.AlsoinJapan,MitsubishiRayonintroduceditsSURMBRmembranemodule,basedonitsSteraporeproduct,in1993.BoththeseproductstosomeextentdisplacedsomeoftheoldersidestreamsystemswhichhadbeenestablishedinJapan,thoughside-streamMBRscontinuetobeusedinJapanandelsewhere.Theinstallationofin-buildingwastewaterrecyclingplantsinJapanbasedontheOrelisEnvironment(formerlyRhodiaOrelisandbeforethisRho.nePoulenc)PLEIADE.FSsMBRsystem,actuallypre-datesthatoftheKubotaplantsforthisduty.ThePLEIADE.systemwasoriginallytrialledinFranceinthe1970sandby1999therewere125small-scalesystems(allbelow0.2MLD)worldwide,themajorityofthesebeinginJapanandaroundadozeninFrance.TheDorr-OliverMSTsystemwassimilarlyrathermoresuccessfulinJapanthaninNorthAmericainthe1970sand1980s(Sutton,Mishra,Bratby,&Enegess,2002).WehrleEnvironmental,partoftheverywell-establishedWehrleWerkAG(formedin1860)ofGermany,hasbeenapplyingitsmultitube(MT)sMBRs(predominantlyemployingNoritX-FlowpolymericMTmembranemodules)toland.llleachatetreatmentsince1990.AsidestreamMBRDegremontsystembasedonceramicmembraneswasintroducedinthemid-1990s,andotherceramicmembraneproductshavealsobeenemployedinafewsMBRapplications.Thesepumpedsidestreamsystemsalltendtobeusedforindus-trialef.uenttreatmentapplicationsinvolvingrelativelylow.ows,suchthattheirmarketpenetrationcomparedwiththeimmersedsystems,particularlyinthemunicipalwatersector,hasbeenlimited.AtaroundthesametimeasKubotaweredevelopingtheirproduct,intheUSAThetfordSystemsweredevelopingtheirCycle-Let.process,anothersidestreamprocess,forwastewaterrecyclingduties.ZenonEnvironmental,acompanyformedin1980andwhosubsequentlyacquiredThetfordSystems,weredevelopinganMBRsystem.Bytheearly1990s,theZenoGem.immersedHFUFMBRprocesshadbeenpatented(Tonelli&Canning,1993;Tonelli&Behmann,1996),andthe.rstimmersedHFZeeWeed.module,the ZW145whichprovided145squarefeetofmembranearea,wasintroducedtothemarketin1993(Section4.3.1).BytheendoftheMillenniumthetotalinstalledcapacityofZenonplantshadreached150MLD.1.2.2.2. The Late 1990s Onwards: the Development of Other MBR ProductsThe.rstKubotamunicipalwastewatertreatmentworksinstalledoutsideJapanwasatPorlockintheUnitedKingdomin1997(Section5.3.1.1),followingsuccessfultrialsatKingstonSeymourbyWessexWaterinthemid-1990s.The.rstZenonmembrane-basedplantofsimilarsizeinstalledoutsideoftheUSAwastheVeolia(thenVivendi)Biosep.plantatPerthesenGatinaisinFrancein1999(Section5.3.1.1).Boththeseplantshaveapeak.owcapacityjustbelow2MLD,andrepresentlandmarkplantsinthedevelopmentandimplementationofimmersedMBRtechnology.Bythelate1990s,however,otherMBRmembraneproductsandsystemswereunderdevelopment,leadingtoanexplosionofcommercialactivityfromtheturnoftheMillenniumtothepresentday.Whereasthe.rsthalfofthe1990ssawthelaunchofonlythreemajorimmersedMBRmembraneprod-ucts,originatingfromjusttwocountries(USAandJapan),the.rst.veyearsofthefollowingdecadesawthelaunchofatleast10productsoriginatingfromsevencountries,coupledwiththreesigni.cantacquisitionsinthemid-noughties(Section1.3).For12majorsuppliers(Table1.1)asat2010,therewereeitherexistingorplannedMBRinstallationsofmorethan10MLDcapacity.Inadditiontothoseproductslistedforwhichthereare‘.agship’largeplants,therearecurrentlyatleastanother33MBRmembraneproducts(Chapter4),allofwhichhavecometothemarketsincearound2000,inadditiontoanumberofproprietaryMBRtechnologiesbasedonafewofthemembraneproducts.1.3. MARKET1.3.1. GeneralMBRsystemshavebeenimplementedinmorethan200countries(Icon,2008);growthratesandtheextentofimplementationvaryregionallyaccordingtothestateofeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructure.Commontoallregions,however,isthefactthatsalesofthetechnologyhavegenerallygrownfasterthantheGDPsofcountriesinstallingthem,signi.-cantlysoinChina,aswellasmorerapidlythantheindustriesthatusethem(Srinivasan,2007;BCC,2008).Globalgrowthratesbetween9.5and12%areroutinelyquotedinreportsproducedbymarketanalysis,andthemarketvalueoftheMBRindustryispredictedtoapproach$0.5billion($500million)by2013.Datatakenfromtwosourcesfortheperiodbetween2000and2013indicateameangrowthrateof11.6e12.7%(Fig.1.2).

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膜生物反应器在市政和污水处理工业中的应用越来越广泛、本书覆盖了膜生物反应器技术的方方面面，包括基础知识、设计原理、膜阻塞及其控制、膜模型及过程配置，以及操作和维护，同时介绍了部分商业化的膜生物反应器产品和工程实例。Simon Judd，Claire Judd主编的《膜生物反应器(水和污水处理的原理与应用原著第2版导读版)》适合化学、化工、环境科学等相关领域的人员阅读参考。

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•   这本书只翻译了书名\前言\目录,里面的内容还是英文,买这本书被误导了.国内出这本书,要么一点也别翻译,书名及里面的内容全是英文的；要么这本书全部翻译过来。现在搞成这样四不像，很误导想购买这本书，但看不懂英文的读者。
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