材料的高温变形与断裂

出版时间：2010-7  出版社：科学出版社  作者：张俊善  页数：365  

前言

　　Many structural components used in the industrial facilities for energy re-sources， petrochemical， aeronautical and aerospace engineering are operatingat high temperatures. For instance， the vapor temperature in a thermal powerstation is about 600度，the temperatures for hydrogen production and ethyl-ene-cracking are as high as 950度and 1050度， respectively and the workingtemperatures of turbine blades in an aircraft exceed 1000 ~C. High tempera-ture strength is therefore the major concern of these materials.　　High temperature strength is defined as the resistance of a material tohigh temperature deformation and fracture. The definition of high temperatureis the temperatures at which the atomic diffusion is fast enough to affect sig-nificantly the plastic deformation and fracture behaviors of materials. Usual-ly， for metallic alloys the temperatures considered are higher than one half oftheir melting points （Tm）.

内容概要

本书内容分两篇共25章。上篇为高温变形篇，包括金属与合金蠕变的宏观规律、蠕变位错亚结构、纯金属蠕变、固溶体合金蠕变、第二相粒子强化合金蠕变、扩散蠕变、超塑性以及多轴蠕变等内容，重点论述蠕变过程中位错与各种晶体缺陷的交互作用、蠕变微观机制以及蠕变物理模型和理论。下篇为高温断裂篇，包括蠕变空洞形核和长大、蠕变裂纹扩展、蠕变损伤与断裂的评价与预测、高温低周疲劳断裂、蠕变疲劳交互作用以及材料的高温环境损伤等内容，从微观、宏观和唯象三个层次论述了高温断裂理论及其工程应用。    本书可作为高等院校材料学科研究生教学参考书，也可供材料、固体物理和力学专业教师及科研人员参考。

书籍目录

Author contact detailsPreface Part I  High Temperature Deformation　1 Creep Behavior of Materials　　1.1 Creep Curve　　1.2 Stress and Temperature Dependence of Creep Rate　　1.3 Stacking Fault Energy Effect　　1.4 Grain Size Effect　　References　2 Evolution of Dislocation Substructures During Creep　　2.1 Parameters of Dislocation Substructures and Their Measurements　　2.2 Evolution of Dislocation Substructure during Creep　　2.3  Dislocation Substructure of Steady State Creep　　2.4 Inhomogeneous Dislocation Substructure and Long-Range　  Internal Stress　　References　3 Dislocation Motion at Elevated Temperatures　　3.1 Thermally Activated Glide of Dislocation　　3.2 Measurement of Internal Stress　　3.3 Climb of Dislocations　　3.4  Basic Equations of Recovery Creep　　3.5 Mechanisms of Recovery　　References　4 Recovery-Creep Theories of Pure Metals　　4.1 Introduction　　4.2  Weertman Model　　4.3 Models Considering Sub-Boundary　　4.4 Models Based on Dislocation Network　　4.5 Creep Model Based on the Motion of Jogged Screw Dislocation　　4.6 Summary of Recovery Creep Models　　4.7 Soft and Hard Region Composite Model　　4.8 Harper-Dorn Creep　　References　5 Creep of Solid Solution Alloys　　5.1 Interaction Between Dislocation and Solute Atom　　5.2  Creep Behavior of Solid Solution Alloys　　5.3 Viscous Glide Velocity of Dislocations　　5.4  Creep Controlled by Viscous Glide of Dislocations　　References　6 Creep of Second Phase Particles Strengthened Materials　　6.1 Introduction　　6.2 Arzt-Ashby Model　　6.3 Creep Model Based on Attractive Particle-Dislocation Interaction　　6.4  Interaction of Dislocation with Localized Particles　　6.5 Mechanisms of Particle Strengthening　　6.6 Grain Boundary Precipitation Strengthening　　References　7 Creep of Particulates Reinforced Composite Material　　7.1 Creep Behavior of Particulates Reinforced Aluminium　  Matrix Composites　　7.2 Determination of Threshold Stress　　7.3 Creep Mechanisms and Role of Reinforcement Phase　　References　8 High Temperature Deformation of Intermetallic Compounds　　8.1  Crystal Structures, Dislocations and Planar Defects　　8.2  Dislocation Core Structure　　8.3 Slip Systems and Flow Stresses of Intermetallic Compounds　　8.4  Creep of Interrnetallic Compounds　　8.5 Creep of Compound-Based ODS Alloys　　References　9 Diffusional Creep　　9.1 Theory on Diffusional Creep　　9.2  Accommodation of Diffusional Creep.Grain Boundary Sliding　　9.3 Diffusional Creep Controlled by Boundary Reaction　　9.4  Experimental Evidences of Diffusional Creep　10  Superplasticity　　10.1 Stability of Deformation　　10.2 General Characteristics of Superplasticity　　10.3 Microstructure Characteristics of Superplasticity　　10.4 Grain Boundary Behaviors in Superplastic Deformation　　10.5 Mechanism of Superplastic Deformation　　10.6 The maximum Strain Rate for Superplasticity　　References　11  Mechanisms of Grain Boundary Sliding　　11.1 Introduction　　11.2 Intrinsic Grain Boundary Sliding　　11.3 Extrinsic Grain Boundary Sliding　　References　12  Multiaxial Creep Models　　12.1 Uniaxial Creep Models　　12.2 Mutiaxial Creep Models　　12.3 Mutiaxial Steady State Creep Model　　12.4 Stress Relaxation by Creep　　ReferencesPart II High Temperature Fracture　13  Nucleation of Creep Cavity　　13.1 Introduction　　13.2 Nucleation Sites of Cavity　　13.3 Theory of Cavity Nucleation　　13.4 Cavity Nucleation Rate　　References　14  Creep Embrittlement by Segregation of Impurities　　14.1 Nickel and Nickel-Base Superalloys　　14.2 Low-Alloy Steels　　References　15  Diffusional Growth of Creep Cavities　　15.1 Chemical Potential of Vacancies　　15.2 Hull-Rimmer Model for Cavity Growth　　15.3 Speight-Harris Model for Cavity Growth　　15.4 The role of Surface Diffusion　16  Cavity Growth by Coupled Diffusion and Creep　　16.1 Monkman-Grant Relation　　16.2 Beer-Speight Model　　16.3 Edward-Ashby Model　　16.4 Chen-Argon model　　16.5 Cocks-Ashby Model　　References　17  Constrained Growth of Creep Cavities　　17.1 Introduction　　17.2 Rice Model　　17.3 Raj-Ghosh Model　　17.4 Cocks-Ashby Model　　References　18  Nucleation and Growth of Wedge-Type Microcracks　　18.1 Introduction　　18.2 Nucleation of Wedge-Type Cracks　　18.3 The Propagation of Wedge-Type Cracks　　18.4 Crack Growth by Cavitation　　References　19  Creep Crack Growth　　19.1 Crack-Tip Stress Fields in Elastoplastic Body　　19.2 Stress Field at Steady-State-Creep Crack Tip　　19.3 The Crack Tip Stress Fields in Transition Period　　19.4 Vitek Model for Creep Crack Tip Fields　　19.5 The Influence of Creep Threshold Stress　　19.6 The Experimental Results for Creep Crack Growth　　References　20  Creep Damage Mechanics　　20.1 Introduction to the Damage Mechanics　　20.2 Damage Variable and Effective Stress　　20.3 Kachanov Creep Damage Theory　　20.4 Rabotnov Creep Damage Theory　　20.5 Three-Dimensional Creep Damage Theory　　References　21  Creep Damage Physics　　21.1 Introduction　　21.2 Loss of External Section　　21.3 Loss of Internal Section　　21.4 Degradation of Microstructure　　21.5 Damage by Oxidation　　References　22  Prediction of Creep Rupture Life　　22.1 Extrapolation Methods of Creep Rupture Life　　22.2  θ Projection Method　　22.3  Maruyama Parameter　　22.4  Reliability of Prediction for Creep Rupture Property　　References　23  Creep-Fatigue Interaction　　23.1 Creep Fatigue Waveforms　　23.2 Creep-Fatigue Failure Maps　　23.3 Holding Time Effects on Creep-Fatigue Lifetime　　23.4 Fracture Mechanics of Creep Fatigue Crack Growth　　References　24  Prediction of Creep-Fatigue Life　　24.1 Linear Damage Accumulation Rule　　24.2 Strain Range Partitioning　　24.3 Damage Mechanics Method　　24.4 Damage Function Method　　24.5 Empirical Methods　　References　25  Environmental Damage at High Temperature　　25.1 Oxidation　　25.2 Hot Corrosion　　25.3 CarburizationReferencesAppendix AAppendix BIndex

章节摘录

　　The correlation between K and the crack growth rate is poor for materials with goodductility. In addition， the stress intensity factor K cannot correlate the crack growthdata obtained for different types d specimens of identical materials. Figure 19. 10（a）shows the crack growth rate plotted against stress intensity factor obtained from sin-gle edge notched （SEN） and notched center hole （NCH） specimens of a 316 stainlesssteel. The two types of specimen exhibit different a~K correlations. For in-stance， a single relationship is found for the SEN specimens， but the same relation-ship is not found for the NCH specimens. Instead， it shows great variations ingrowth rate for very slight changes in K. These observations indicate that the stressfactor K is not the exclusive crack-tip parameter controlling the growth rate of creepcrack. In fact， the stress intensity factor K is the fracture mechanics parameterwhich describes the elastic stress field and the elastoplastic stress field under smallscale yielding conditions. In materials with low creep resistance and high creep ductil-ity， the elastic stress field of the crack tip can be easily relaxed by the fast creep de-formation， resulting in large scale of creep or even whole-section creep. In this case，the stress intensity factor cannot be utilized as the parameter to describe the stressfield of the crack tip and the growth rate of creep crack in the ductile materials suchas stainless steels， low-alloy steels and pure metals， etc.　　……

编辑推荐

　　The energy， petrochemical， aerospace and other industries all require materialsable to withstand high temperatures. High temperature strength is definedas the resistance of a material to high temperature deformation and fracture.This important book provides a valuable reference to the main theories of hightemperature deformation and fracture and the ways they can be used to predictfailure and service life.　Part I reviews the mechanisms of high temperature deformation in metals，alloys， metal matrix composites and intermetallic compounds. It discusses creepbehaviour such as dislocation and recovery as well as superplastic deformation，diffusional and multiaxial creep. Part II discusses high temperature fracture，starting with the nucleation and growth of creep cavities before analysing creepcrack growth and damage. Later chapters review ways of predicting creep rupture，creep-fatigue interactions and modelling service life.　High Temperature Deformation and Fracture of Materials will be an importantreference for both academic researchers and those industry using these hightemperature materials.　Professor Jun-Shan Zhang works within the School of Materials Science andEngineering at Dalian University of Technology， China.

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